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OBJECTIVE:To observe the efficacy and safety of vitamin B12 combined with mouse nerve growth factor in the treatment of neurogenic tinnitus. METHODS:270 patients with neurogenic tinnitus were randomly divided into control group 1, control group 2 and observation group. Control group 1 was treated with Vitamin B12 injection 25 μg by intramuscular injection, once a day;control group 2 was treated with mouse nerve growth factor 18 μg adding into 2 ml water for injection for dissolution, once a day;observation group was treated with Vitamin B12 injection 25 μg(the usage was the same as control group 1)+mouse nerve growth factor 18 μg(the usage was the same as control group 2). 6 d was a treatment course,and it lasted 2 courses. Clinical efficacy,and sleep SPIEGEL score and incidence of adverse reactions before and after treatment in 3 groups were observed. RE-SULTS:Total effective rate in observation group was significantly higher than control group 1 and control group 2,the difference was statistically significant (P0.05). After treatment,sleep SPIEGEL score in 3 groups was significantly higher than before,and observation group was high-er than control group 1 and control group 2,the difference was statistically significant(P0.05). There were no obvious adverse reactions during treatment. CONCLUSIONS:Vitamin B12 combined with mouse nerve growth factor has better efficacy than only vitamin B12 or mouse nerve growth factor in the treatment of neurogenic tinnitus,with good safety.
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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore the spatial and temporal distributions of animal plague in Junggar Basin natural plague focus.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Data regarding plague antibody (F1) in serum of Great Gerbil (Rhombomys opimus, R. opimus) which were collected from 2005 to 2012 in Junggar Basin and analyzed. The changing rates on the positivity of F1 that appeared spatially and temporally were also analyzed.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>A total of 4 825 R. opimus serum samples were collected in 13 administrative regions in Junggar Basin.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>showed that plague R. opimus existed in two areas-Gurbantonggut desert in the eastern-center and the clay desert of western Junggar Basin. However, in these two areas, the intensity of animal plague prevalence was different. In the former region where Yesinia pestis positive serum was detected from R. opimus, the detected rate of R. opimus was 8.39%. However, in the latter areas, the average positive rate was 1.56%. The changing trends of R. opimus plague prevalence were also varied annually. In the western Junggar Basin, the trend showed a slowly downward profile. The serum positive rate of R. opimus for Yesinia pestis decreased, from 7.59% in 2005 to 0.61% in 2008, and appeared as a resting state that none of the positive sample could be found since then. However, in the eastern-center Junggar Basin area-also named as Gurbantonggut desert which had been divided into 3 segments(western, central and eastern, according to related geographical characteristics), the changing trends of animal plague seemed quite complex. In the western segment, the animal plague had two epidemic peaks-in 2006 and 2010, with the interval of 4 years, with the higher peak of all the three geographic segments as 45.65% in 2010 and the positive serum of R. opimus for plague could be detected each year from 2006 to 2012. However, there were 3 epidemic peaks in the same period in the central and eastern segments. In the central segment, the peaks appeared in 2006, 2009 and 2011, with the intervals as 2.5 years and the average positive rate 8.92% was seen the lowest in Gurbantonggut desert. In the eastern segment, the first 2 peaks appeared the same season as in the central segment, but the third peak appeared in 2012, with the peak interval as 3 years. The positive rate of R. opimus for plague was also different in seasons, with the positive rate higher in autumn than in spring. These findings showed that the animal plague could be continuously prevalent from spring to autumn in the natural foci of plague in the Junggar Basin.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Both geographical and temporal fluctuations of animal plague existed in the natural foci of Junggar Basin which was also named as geographical heterogeneity. Consequently, animal plague could be divided into two areas-the clay plains desert in the western and the Gurbantonggut desert in the eastern-center Junggar Basin.</p>
Subject(s)
Animals , Gerbillinae , Plague , Epidemiology , Time , Yersinia pestisABSTRACT
Objective To establish a capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for detection of plague IgM antibody in herding dogs.Methods ELISA plates were coated with serum IgM antibody against dogs and F1 antibody to plague in the serum of herding dogs was detected by a sandwich ELISA.Results A total of 216 serum samples of herding dogs were tested,26 were positive for plague F1 antibody and the positive rate was 12.03％ (26/216); 14 were positive for plague IgM antibody and the positive rate was 6.48％ (14/216); IgM positive accounted for 53.8％(14/26) of all positive samples.Conclusions Serum plague IgM antibody of herding dogs can be used to predict the prevalent time and distribution of recent animal plague in plague foci indirectly,and to provide reference information for timely implementation of control measures.
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Objective To analyse the feasibility of detecting F1 antibody to Yersinia pestis in flushing fluid of heart blood of Rhombomys opimus with enzyme linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA) method and its application value in surveillance of the disease. Methods Serum, flushing fluid of heart blood and infusion fluid of liver and spleen of Rhombomys opimus, which were caught by capture in the plague focus of Zunger basin in 2007, were taken to carry out detection for F1 antibodies to Yersinia pestis with ELISA method. The data were processed with SPSS 17.0. Results Positive rate and average titer of serum were 12.35%(11/162) and 25.35, of flushing fluid of heart blood were 10.49%(17/162) and 23.75 and of the infusion fluid of liver and spleen 6.79%(17/162) and 2240,respectively. No statistical difference was found in positive detection rate when it was compared between serum and flushing fluid of heart blood(χ2 = 1.333, P ＞ 0.05), but it was obviously different between serum and infusion fluid of liver and spleen(χ2 = 7.111, P ＜ 0.01 ) and between flushing fluid of heart blood and infusion fluid of liver and spleen(x2 = 6.250, P ＜ 0.05). There was a significant difference in average titer between serum, flushing fluid of heart blood and infusion fluid of liver and spleen(t = 2.290, 3.612, P ＜ 0.05 or ＜ 0.01 ). The plague F1 antibody positive coincidence rate of serum and flushing fluid of heart blood was 85.0%(17/20), of serum and infusion fluid of liver and spleen was 55.0% (11/20), and of flushing fluid of heart blood and infusion fluid of liver and spleen was 64.7%(11/17). Conclusions The ELISA method can detect Fl antibody in flushing fluid of heart blood,and the method is feasible in plague surveillance.
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Objective To compare the effect of three methods in diagnosis of plague by detecting of Yersina pestis F1 antigen. Methods In natural foci of plague, wild animal samples, such as blood, liver, spleen,and lymphoid tissue were collected, and the three methods of enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA),reverse indirect hemagglutination assay(RIHA) and gold-immunochromatography assay(GICA) were employed to detect F1 antigen of Yersina pestis. Results Total of 414 infused organ samples of natural death and captured wild animals in natural foci of plague were determined. Positive samples detected by GICA and ELISA were the same,the positive rates were 5.31%(22/414), both positive and negative coincidence rates were consistently 100%. Only 18 samples were positive by retrial in 186 samples with more than 2 holes aggregation by preliminary examination of RIHA, with nonspecific agglutination rate of 40.6% (168/414) and positive rate of 4.35% (18/414). The positive coincidence rate was 81.82% (18/22) between RIHA with GICA and ELISA, and negative coincidence rate was statistically significant(t = 4.379, P ＜ 0.01). Conclusions ELISA, RIHA and GICA can be used for early diagnosis of plague by detecting F1 antigen. The results of RIHA have quantitative significance, with higher non-specific agglutination rate, and heavy workload of re-examination; GICA and ELISA has the same specificity and sensitivity, but the results of GICA is only qualitative. ELISA excluded the defect of RIHA and GICA, and combines the advantages of both methods.
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Objective To analysis and determine the possibility of the Citellus undulatus infected with Yersinia pestis surviving the winter in an experimental study, and to provide scientific experimental basis for the study on the mechanism of Yersinia pestis preservation. Method In 2006,09 to 2007,04 and 2007,09 to 2008,04 in Xinjiang Wusu-Gurtu natural foci of plague, under natural conditions, the over the winter process of Citellus undulatus carrying the plague bacteria was simulated, and 178 Citellus undulatus were infected with Yersinia pestis (1×107 Bacteria/mouse) using artificial injection method. One hundred seventy-eight Citellus undulatus infected with Yersinia pestis were kept into a construction of the black (1-5 ℃) basement (2 meters under the ground) in the plague focus. In doing so, these Citellus undulatuses almost simultaneously stepped into hibernation. After waking up from hibernation in following year in April, the survived mice carrying the plague bacteria were observed. Results Sixty-eight mice survived among the 178 infected with Yersinia pestis after 6 months of hibernation (through October to the following year in April), and the remaining 110 were all dead without pulling through the hibernation period. The survival rate was 38.2% (68/178). The organ culture of Yersinia pestis of the 110 dead mice(Citellus undnlatus) were tested, 67 were negative(-), 43 positive(+), with a positive rate of 39.1%(43/110). Among the rats with positive plague bacteria, the congestive pulmonary edema and the pathological changes of the hemorrhagic inflammation of the heart, liver, spleen, kidney and injection site could be seen clearly; the plague-free mice were not found to have any pathological changes. The survived 68 mice over the winter were autopsied and observed after being fed up for 20 days. No any pathological changes were found among these mice, and culturing of Yersinia pestis of the heart, liver, spleen, lungs and the tissue of injection site of these mice were all negative (-). Conclusions Citellus undulatus can carry Yersinia pestis during hibernation, but some fail to carry the bacteria through the entire process of hibernation persistently. Yersinia pestis was negative in the survived mice at the end of hibernation. The results showed that Citellus undulatus can not carry Yersinia pestis over the winter.
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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To understand the distribution, fauna, population structure of host animals and their parasitic fleas as well as popular dynamic of animal plague of natural plague foci in Junggar Basin.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Sample materials and data of animals and vector insects were collected using ecological methods and the population structures were analyzed statistically. F1 antibody of Yersinia pestis in rodents' serum and organ suspension was detected by means of IHA while the pathogen of Y. pestis in rodents and vector insects was detected by means of aetiological detections and the isolated Y. pestis was detected using biochemical methods.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The small mammals which were found in Junggar Basin belonged to 17 species of 11 genera 7 families. Of them, 13 species of rodents were included whose parasitic fleas belonged to 19 species of 10 genera 8 families. The average coverage of Rhombomys opimus hole-community was 22.5% in Junggar Basin with the average density of R. opimus hole-community was 15.9/hm2 and the average rate of habitat of the hole-community was 70.2%. In the R. opimus community, the average density of rodents was 3.1/hole-community, and 34.4/hm2 in the nature plague foci. In the population structure of the hole-community of R. opimus, R. opimus accounted for 72.9% in the total captured rodents, Meriones meridianus was 24.5% while the others were 2.6%. In the nocturnal community of rodents, M. meridianus accounted for 64.0% in total captured rodents, Dipus sagitta was 15.1%, M. erythrourns was 7.5% and the others were 13.4%. In the rodents community of Junggar Basin, the rate of R. opimus with fleas was 84.9%, which was the highest, followed by M. tamariscinus, Euchoreutes naso and M. erythrourns, with the rates as 71.4%, 66.7% and 62.7% respectively. The rate of M. meridianus with fleas was 38.3%. There were 16 species of parasitic fleas in R. opimus, with the total flea index as 8.58 and the dominant species was Xenopsylla skrjabini. There were 17 and 16 kinds of fleas in M. erythrourns and M. meridianus respectively with the total flea index were 1.59 and 1.15, with dominant fleas were Nosopsyllus laeviceps and X. skrjabini. The serum and organ suspension of 3179 rodents which belonged to 12 species were detected by means of IHA, of them 174 samples were positive and the positive rate was 5.5%. There were 1356 samples of R. opimus in these materials, and 164 were positive, accounted for 12.1%. The samples of M. meridianus were 1255, with 9 positive, accounted for 0.7%. The samples of D. sagitta were 116 with 1 positive and the rate was 0.9%. The samples of other rodents were 452 but were all negative. There were in total 2975 organs collected from rodents, when detected by methods of isolated of Y. pestis. 15 strains of Y. pestis were isolated from 1243 R. opimus, and 2 strains isolated from 1230 M. meridianus. A total number of 11 647 fleas from rodents were detected by methods of isolated of Y. pestis in which 1 strain of Y. pestis was isolated from 4713 X. skrjabini, and 6 were isolated from 2101 Xenopsylla minax, 1 from 328 Xenopsylla conformis conformis and 1 from 250 Echidnophaga oschanini. Among the other 4255 fleas, none was isolated. The biochemical properties of these Y. pestis which isolated from Junggar Basin were positive of Maltose, Ejiao sugar and Glycerol, and negative of Rhamnose and Nitrogen, which were all strongly poisonous to mouse.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The natural plague foci in Junggar Basin spread all over the whole Junggar Basin. There were animal plague cases found in 12 counties (cites) while Karamy, Bole, Jimusaer and Qitai were confirmed as plague foci counties (cities). Animals and vector insects of the foci were complicated but the ecological system was stable. R. opimus was recognized as the dominant host animal and its biochemical type belonged to the Middle Ages, suggesting that the foci was a new type of natural plague foci.</p>
Subject(s)
Animals , Mice , China , Epidemiology , Gerbillinae , Microbiology , Plague , Epidemiology , Microbiology , Rodent Diseases , Epidemiology , Microbiology , Yersinia pestis , Allergy and Immunology , VirulenceABSTRACT
AIM To investigate the effects of serine/threonine protein phosphatases in regulation of cell signal transduction on voltage-gated potassium and calcium channels in cultured rat trigeminal ganglion (TRG) neurons. METHODS Whole-cell patch clamp technique was used to record the potassium and calcium currents from adult rat TRG neurons before and after perfusion of okadaic acid, a potent inhibitor of the serine/threonine protein phosphatases 1 and 2A. RESULTS Okadaic acid 1 μmol·L-1 inhibited transient outwards potassium currents (IA) by 28.6%, increased delay rectified potassium currents (IK) and calcium currents (ICa) by 22.7% and 20.0%, respectively. okadaic acid 1 μmol·L-1 produced significant hyperpolarizing shifts in the conductance-voltage (G-V) curves and inactivation curves of IA , also produced significant hyperpolarizing shifts in the G-V curves of IK, while it had no effect on the activation and inactivation kinetics of ICa. CONCLUSION Serine/threonine protein phosphatases 1 and 2A may be involved in the modulation of voltage-gated potassium and calcium channels on rat TRG neurons. In addition, voltage-gated potassium and calcium channels show different dependence on the dephosphorylation reactions of PP1 and PP2A phosphatases.
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<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>A monoclonal antibody would be an effective tool for the detection of circulating antigens in the serum of patients with schistosomiasis, but the traditional way of producing monoclonal antibodies is not cost-effective. The objective of this study was to find a new method for the large-scale production of monoclonal antibodies against Schistosoma japonicum (Sj).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A phage display antibody library for Sj was constructed. To obtain a single-chain variable fragment antibody (scFv) against Sj, the library was screened with metabolic antigens from adult Sj worms (Sj-MAg) using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The soluble scFvs selected were used to detect Sj antigens in the serum of acute and chronic schistosomiasis patients.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Six positive clones with good reactivity to Sj-MAg were obtained from the phage display antibody library of about 1.07 x 10(6) individual clones. Only two of these six clones bound specifically to Sj-MAg and were chosen for further analysis. Specific soluble anti-Sj-MAg scFvs were produced by inducing the 2 clones with isopropyl-D-thiogalactopyranoside. The characteristics of the scFvs were then determined. The results of Western blot showed that these scFvs could bind to Sj-MAg specifically and had a molecular weight of about 31 kD. When testing serum from schistosomiasis patients with one of the two specific scFvs, its sensitivity was found to be 60% and 37% in acute and chronic patients, respectively, with a specificity of 90%. When the two specific scFvs were combined, their sensitivity was found to be 75% and 57% in acute and chronic patients, respectively, with a specificity of 85%.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The results indicate that the scFvs are potentially useful for the diagnosis of schistosomiasis. The library construction also provides a useful tool for the further screening of other antibodies for both diagnostic and immunotherapeutic applications and for epitope analysis and vaccine design.</p>